Juvenile System Vs Adult Justice System Criminology Essay

Juvenile System Vs Adult Justice System Criminology Essay A criminal justice system is a mechanism, utilized by a society to enforce a given standard of conduct in order to protect the members of the community (Colquitt 2002). It consists of apprehending, prosecuting, convicting and sentencing violators of the basic rule of group existence within a society. The purposes of such a system are to remove dangerous members of the community, discourage the rest from criminal behavior, and give society the chance to change violators into law-abiding citizens. The core philosophy of the American criminal justice system is that the government may punish a person who has violated a specific law. A juvenile court, on the other hand, is viewed as a helping social agency. Its purpose is to prescribe carefully individualized treatment to young people who are in trouble with society but in a non-adversarial way (Colquitt). Violators older than 18 years old are tried in regular courts according to the adult justice system. The juvenile court is a fairly new device. A violator or offender who was 7 or older up to the 18th century would have been tried and treated as an adult by the courts (Stolba 2001). The belief at the time was that a person under 7 did not have full moral capacity and capacity to give consent. But beyond 7, he could be considered an adult. Even with the introduction of the juvenile justice system in the late 1800s, adult courts were still used in sentencing the most violent and most defiant violators. The original juvenile court in Chicago moved 37 boys to the adult criminal court in its very first year of operation (Stolba). The juvenile justice system was instituted to reform US policies on young offenders When the juvenile pleads not guilty, the trial becomes a jurisdictional hearing for juveniles (Calderon 2006). It has to be held up to 15 days or 30 days if the child is not in the custody of the court. In the case of adults and despite their right to speedy trial, the proceedings can take very long for a number of factors. These include change of venue, new motion for new evidence and many others. Juvenile courts do not have jurors as in adult courts. Juveniles are not subjected to jury trials but to adjucatory hearing where the judge renders a final decision. Adult proceedings are open to the public but juvenile proceedings are not. The court findings or results are called a disposition in both justice systems. These are a dismissal, a fine, a probation, treatment programs or institutionalization. The juvenile justice aims at rehabilitation and treatment. Thus, the least punitive or restrictive is exacted by many courts on young offenders. Another important difference is the right of adults to a jury trial. A juvenile can have a jury trial if his case is transferred or appealed to a circuit court (Calderon). In deciding a juvenile case, the probation or parole officer, alternative program directors, the attorneys and the judge come up with the best solution to the problem (Calderon 2006). If an adult case can qualify for a plea bargaining, a juvenile case may also achieve a desired result. An interview with the young or adult offender considers family factors, social involvement, church, education level, job skills, history of criminality, IQ level, psychological factors and other aspects needed to reach a decision. Comparatively with adult cases, some issues can lead to a disposition. It determines if the young offender should be detained in alternative programs, dismissed, proceed to the juvenile court, or transfer him to adult courts through waivering. The disposition in an adult case determines whether the offender is guilty or innocent of the crime charge. In a juvenile case, the respondent is always found delinquent beyond reasonable doubt. In rare cases when the judges find a youn g offender too violent or chronic and resistant to treatment, the juvenile court waives its jurisdiction and transfers the offender to the adult criminal court. Some courts automatically exclude young offenders charged with heinous offenses, such as murder, from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court (Calderon). Many adult cases go through plea bargaining (Calderon 2006). These are more lenient sentencing, admission or positive evidence of guilt and reduced costs in the proceedings. In many juvenile cases, the respondent pleads guilty. In recent years, policymakers went tough on repeat juvenile offenders and introduced some changes on the sentencing structure. Many of them felt that more young people were committing more violent crimes and that the juvenile justice system was ineffective in its role. More young offenders then were waived or transferred to adult courts where they were subjected to blended sentencing. This means getting adjudicated as a delinquent and getting sentenced as an adult for the same offense. Laws began losing favor for lenient and indeterminate sentencing and punishment and leaning towards determinate disposition. Legislators and policymakers did not find early release effective in rehabilitating young offenders. It was a similar view held for adult criminals. This getting-tough philosophy manifested itself quite severely in applying the death penalty on children as young as 16. There has been a growing sentiment that young criminals threaten the security of society in many ways. Citizens find children committing adult crimes loathsome but neither are the penalties imposed acceptable. This dilemma has led some to propose on the abolition of juvenile criminal courts so that more appropriate punishments for juvenile offenders who commit serious crimes could be devised (Calderon). Reforms in recent times have endowed young offenders with more rights (Calderon 2006). These included appointed attorneys and protection from Constitutional rights. They now also enjoy the rights to due process and to unreasonable searches and seizures more than in the past. State laws vary on the process of interrogation. But the courts have ruled on the overall totality of the circumstances as the determinant of the age for making legal decisions. In some States, parental presence is not a requirement. Complications are also present in both justice systems. The other role-players in the juvenile system are the defense attorney, the prosecutor, the social service worker, the probation officer, the family and the judge himself. The roles they play are similar to those they play in adult cases. The prosecutor and law enforcement officers determine the charges. The judge has the authority to decide what motions to suppress, accepting or rejecting a plea bargain, waiving the juvenile courts jurisdiction to an adult court and acting as the jury on the case. He is the leader who interacts with the other court officers. These players all make signific ant contributions to the proceedings, during follow-ups and the aftercare period. And alternative sentencing is available in both justice systems (Calderon). The actual court proceedings in a juvenile court consist of the arrest procedure, search and seizure, and custodial interrogation (Calderon 2006). The concept has been that the delinquent is a child rather than a criminal. Hence, rehabilitation rather than punishment is the court and the systems goal. But the major aspects of the juvenile justice system continue to hound its supporters. One is the cause of serious juvenile crime. Another is that young offenders need to be rehabilitated under a surrogate entity of the parens patriae concept. Another is a recent redefinition of young violent offenders as adults and their transfer to adult courts and the criminal or adult justice system. There has been increasing belief that they pose a serious and genuine threat to the safety of other young people and the community as a whole. An increase in serious juvenile crimes warrants more severe punishment. But moving them to the same place with adult offenders is a critical step, as there has a s yet no understanding or agreement on what age sufficient understanding develops. Trying a juvenile offender as an adult offender is a serious decision, which will also seriously affect society and the young offenders future. The vested interests of the other players in the court decision likewise merit consideration. The two justice systems use different legal standards. Children naturally lack the cognitive ability to participate in the adjudicative process. And the choice of whether the young offender should be tried in an adult or juvenile court necessarily determines the outcome of the adjudication. A finding of guilt in an adult court almost always means some punishment. A finding of delinquency in a juvenile court results in rehabilitation and punishment in combination. Rather than eliminating it or reintegrating it into the adult criminal justice system, the juvenile justice system needs an overhaul, more funding, and better initiatives for programs, which will truly incorp orate the parents patria concept into the young offenders rehabilitation (Calderon). Other opinions argue that offenders 12 years old and under should not be moved to adult courts on the basis of their limited adjudicative competence (Steinberg 2001). This does not mean they should not be punished but rather held within a system viewing them as children and not yet as fully mature adults. But the large majority of offenders 16 years old and older are not to different from adults and can sufficiently participate in adjudication within the adult criminal justice system. Offenders between 12 and 16 require individualized assessment of their competence to stand trial. The judges, prosecutors and defense attorney should be allowed to evaluate and judge the offenders maturity and eligibility for transfer to an adult court (Steinberg). There are also issues of race and ideology to contend with as among the impediments and issues confronting the current juvenile justice system (Hopson and Obidah 2002). Young people of color experience unequal and inequitable treatment within the system. The larger situation suggests that the decisions are tougher on them. The problems they confront go way beyond what has plagued the juvenile court for more than a hundred years. Youth criminality, deviance and discipline for young people of color have compounded the situation. There have been disproportionate numbers of African Americans and Native Americans arrested and handled by juvenile courts. A racial double standard is revealed. These young offenders of color find themselves at a clear disadvantage in their struggle to obtain equal protection under the law and the right to a good attorney. Reforms made to rehabilitate the system have created contradictory effects on juveniles of color. The young Black offender sees race as a s ignificant factor in his or her treatment through the juvenile justice process. African American youth have been over-represented in official reports of youth crime. These reports said that African Americans accounted for only 15% of the American population. Yet they were responsible for approximately 50% of arrests for violent crime. The Sentencing Project Briefing Fact Sheets also said that 75% of juvenile defendants arrested and charged with drug offenses were Black and 95% of juveniles waived to adult prison for drug violations were minorities (Hopson and Obidah). The American Bar Association said that approximately 200,000 youths are tried in adult courts every year (Juvenile Justice Digest 2001). The figure had doubled between 1985 and 1997 and was expected to increase as more laws were created for juveniles to be tried as adults. The Association published guidelines for juvenile cases referred to adult courts for use by policymakers and law practitioners. The guidelines were derived from the seven general principles, which included the developmental differences between young and adult offenders and in all the aspects of the criminal justice system (Juvenile Justice Digest). Within the realm of a justice system is the basic social belief that society is responsible for rearing and raising children into peace-loving and useful adults (Steinberg 2001). Their family, friends, peers, the community, social workers, the justice system and everyone else in society each have a role to play in bringing them up to fit the image (Steinberg). Yet contemporary society, with a newly and recently evolved victim culture, has eagerly embraced therapy and a strong belief in the powers of social engineering (Stolba 2001). It finds the idea of certain individuals, especially children, as deliberately refusing to change as something simply distasteful. Many juvenile offenders are products of very unsettled times and turbulent environments. But it is the States responsibility to save and reform them (Stolba). In that direction, it must first figure out how to categorize these offenders before it can appropriately deal with them in realizing its mission within the current syst em of justice.

Lending a Helping Hand

Lending hand can mean a variety of things for many people. It can mean help to get out of a financial bind, coming alongside another for a time of grief, or just being there for somebody. But most of us lend a hand to another for the purpose of seeing how one can help another in a specific situation.Especially in time when what one knows can help in the predicament of another. One of my reasons seeking admission in your program is to do just that.In my seven years in the New York City Department of Education, one of my duties has been to conduct visitations to the parents of children that have proven to difficult. These children usually come from backgrounds and stations in life that would other people ask â€Å"Why Bother? But that is where the motivation comes in for me to seek admission into your program. It's to make people understand the lives of these children are worth something.In this line of work, it is imperative that I can get a backgrounder of the children's behavior fr om the parents or guardians of these children. This would allow me to better assess the patterns of the child in relation to his various environments.Factors such as school and social life, I believe, have a great bearing on the behavior of these children. But with the knowledge I already possess, I should have a better chance at the reformation of the child should I gain entry into your program.When the case is usually presented, some people are often times just ready to give up on these children. Many people would just rationalize that these children are born to be at the low rungs of society, ending up either as beggars or criminals. But my vocation is not just to give up on them. I try hard to get them on the right track. But what is exactly the right track?For them, the first step in finding the path is talking to them. It's a big step for them to open up on the reasons that they drop out of schooling. The parents, too, have a large part in the reformation of the child. I make it a point to challenge the parents of these children to be positive influences on the lives of these children.Some may think that what I do is tiring, exasperating and down right frustrating. At some times, I would tend to agree. The many times that I talk to children and parents would tend to frustrate even the best of people. Especially when you see the efforts, the sheer amount of it, just end up in smoke. But to me, it's just not a job. If I sound a bit on the ethereal, I do find what I do to be a calling of sorts.Usually, people would connote a calling to be of a grander design. A calling would tend to make people think of going on some mission in life, away from civilization and the perks and benefits of this life to be with the down trodden and less fortunate. But how does getting children to go back to school be a calling? For me, it is a calling.If your office would office would consider my personal circumstance, most of what is apparent that apart from the house visits th at I regularly conduct with the parents of truant children, most of the facts are in the area of clerical, administrative or research work. But these credits, I believe, would prepare me in earnest to help more children if I get accepted into your program. How? I believe that your program is looking for students not just good in academics, but learners and doers.Brain knowledge and experience are, to me, two vastly opposite ends for learning. Just getting into program with just the expressed desire to acquire more brain knowledge is not a trait that I would want to carry into my field. Yes, accumulating knowledge is important in correctly doing the task that is set before an individual. But I believe that with my experience and the knowledge that I know I will gain in your program will allow me to be better at my calling.It is also mentioned in my personal circumstance that I also assist in the education of children with special needs. The children in this area are of need of extra care and attention. This is another area that I would like to improve on with the knowledge that I would gain should I gain entry into your program. But what would be the relationship of mostly clerical and administrative work in the final output?Academics, I believe, are an essential part in the execution of any program designed to help any individual. Without the knowledge gained in school, it would be difficult to be effective in any endeavor one has set out to do. But is the attainment of a degree of academic knowledge the answer in helping these children? Should that be the only basis?My advantage would be that in addition to the knowledge that I know I will gain in the event that I am accepted into your program, that knowledge will be accompanied by years of first-hand experience that I already possess.The many instances and incidents of helping and aiding children, whether to get back into school or helping them in finding suitable alternatives to formal schooling, or explain ing to the parents of special needs children their individual education plans, should serve me in good stead if I am chosen to get into your program.Why the passion in helping these children? I must also point out that I am a mother of two young boys, with one of them, my 5 year old suffering from a speech disability. This everyday first hand experience of seeing my child being helped along as he gets better from his impairment, has bolstered my resolve and conviction that I can be of greater use to other children if I combine my years of experience with further study available through your program. It is my fervent desire that should be humbly among those accepted into your program.

A Rogerian Recipe of the Secret Ingredient to Solving Americas Obesity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2378 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/19 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Obesity Essay Rogerian Argument Essay Did you like this example? Epidemic The secret to weight-loss has finally been discovered. Over the past few decades, America’s obesity rates among adults and children have been continuously increasing. This rise of obesity in America is so severe, that it has now been deemed an epidemic. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Rogerian Recipe of the Secret Ingredient to Solving Americas Obesity" essay for you Create order Not only is this a public issue of American society, but an even larger issue of individual health concerns leading to diseases, illnesses, and even death. The food industry has slowly begun taking baby steps towards creating a healthier future for Americans. David Freedman, author and contributing editor of Atlantic and Inc. magazines, publishes many research-based articles regarding science, technology and health issues in America. In his essay, â€Å"How Junk Food Can End Obesity,† Freedman focuses on how fast food restaurants can utilize modern food processing techniques to decrease portion sizes, calories, and percentages of carbs, fats, sugars, and salts in meals. Freedman argues that the wholesome-food revolution, and its opposition towards food processing, is impeding on the progress of the one solution that could actually effect the obese population. Freedman also argues how many companies and restaurants, that advertise as â€Å"healthy† in efforts of encourag ing dietary changes in consumers, are misleading and not as healthy as consumers may believe. Although Freedman offers valid, achievable theories and supporting arguments in his essay â€Å"How Junk Food Can End Obesity,† he overlooks the fact that nutritional education is, above all, the most impactful solution to ending the obesity epidemic. David Freedman poses a valid argument that, ironically, the wholesome-food movement is hindering the progress that modern food processing technology is making towards a healthier America. Freedman fights to discredit the efforts made by the wholesome-food movement to slow the obesity trend, by arguing that many of these companies advertising their products or dishes as â€Å"healthy† are, â€Å"†¦in any case, as caloric and obesogenic as anything served in a Burger King† (511). Freedman fights to prove that many companies are misleading by advertising their products and ingredients with labels such as â€Å"healthy,† â€Å"natural† or â€Å"wholesome,† with no genetically modified ingredients, processing, or artificial flavors. Freedman chooses to use a â€Å"wholesome† product he found, the Vegan Cheesy Salad Booster from Living Intentions, as an example. This product boasts its health benefits of enhancing the diet with spirulina, chlo rella, sea vegetables, unprocessed ingredients, and no genetically modified ingredients. Freedman argues, â€Å"[w]hat the stuff does contain, though, is more than three times the fat content per ounce as the beef patty in a Big Mac (more than of the calories come from fat), and four times the sodium† (512). This situation is not a rare occasion. Located all throughout stores and restaurants, are items that scream â€Å"healthy† to entice consumers to purchase them. Uneducated consumers who do not read the nutrition labels are fooled into eating products that may not be as healthy for them as they have been tricked into believing. â€Å"Healthy† smoothie shops advertise their â€Å"all natural† ingredients, but choose to omit the fact that there is over one hundred grams of sugar in many of their products. Freedman proves a valid point that products that advertise as healthy, in many cases, contain just as many or more grams of fat, carbs, and sugar as so me fast food items. This supports the fact that nutrition education would be the most effective solution to slow the obesity trend. Educated consumers will be able to decipher, on their own, which foods are healthy or not for themselves, without being deceived by advertising claims. To further support Freedman’s argument against the wholesome-food revolution, Leslie Beck’s article, â€Å"Are ‘Natural’ Foods Really Better For You?†, debunks the myth that just because products are labeled as â€Å"natural† does not necessarily mean they are nutritious or low-calorie. For example, Beck explains that just because an â€Å"all natural† product, such as almond butter, can be nutritious, a package of â€Å"all natural† licorice is still going to be loaded with sugar and empty carbs (A.16). Even more so, if eaten in quantities larger than the recommended serving size, the â€Å"nutritious† almond butter can end up being even more fattening than a fast food hamburger. Beck refers to a global survey conducted in 2016, concluding that, â€Å"forty percent of consumers [report] buying ‘natural’ foods because they [feel] they [are] healthier and safer† (A.16). The study also reveals that, â₠¬Å"[t]wo-thirds [believe] that ‘natural’ products [do not] contain pesticides or hormone residues, GMO (genetically modified organisms) and artificial ingredients† (A.16). This proves that the majority of consumers are uneducated about what they are putting into their bodies and are manipulated by marketing ploys to purchase certain products. Beck then continues to dissect nutrition labels, revealing the truths about macronutrients, â€Å"natural† foods, organic products, and artificial flavors. Beck’s article and supporting research exemplifies how consumers are only deceived by advertisements due to their lack of nutrition education. Educating the public about what is in their food and how to read food labels will solve the obesity crisis in America. In opposition to the wholesome-food movement, Freedman poses a valid claim that modern food processing technology, including swapping ingredients, reducing portion sizes, and adding supplements to foods, will lead to long-term weight loss among the obese population. Freedman firmly believes that being able to trim a few hundred calories per item without customers noticing is the most effective strategy to decrease the obesity trend. Freedman argues that although the wholesome-food movement brings great health awareness to America, â€Å"†¦there is no reasonable scenario under which these foods could become cheap and plentiful enough to serve as the core diet for most of the obese population†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (510). The majority of the American population is obese, and the majority of the obese population comes from a low socioeconomic status. It is unrealistic to believe that farmers will be able to provide enough wholesome, farm-to-fork food for the entire obese population. Even i f this was possible, the obese population would most likely not be able to afford this lifestyle. Therefore, Freedman offers an alternative solution, as he showcases many of the unique modern food processing techniques that are being used today. This technology has the ability to add necessary and beneficial vitamins, minerals, and supplements to consumer diets. Freedman reveals that, â€Å"much of the nutritional value claimed by these products comes not from natural ingredients but from added vitamins that are chemically synthesized†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (519). This statement shows that modern food processing technology can be used to enhance foods with essential dietary elements that may not even exist in their natural ingredients. Freedman met with a team of McDonald’s executives at one of their high-tech sensory-testing labs, where he learned, â€Å"McDonald’s has quietly been making healthy changes for years, shrinking portion sizes, reducing some fat, trimming average salt content by more than 10 percent†¦ and adding fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and oatmeal to is menu† (525). This approach to slowing the obesity trend is realistic and attainable, as the obese population will not have to sacrifice their current lifestyle or bank accounts to begin making small, healthy changes. Freedman also visited the flavor engineering company, Fona International, and shared their food processing tricks and talents: Fona’s experts can reproduce the ‘temporal profile’ of the flavors in fattier foods by adding edible compounds that come on and leave more slowly; or by enlisting ‘phantom aromas’ that create the sensation of certain tastes even when those tastes are not present on the tongue. (529) High-tech anti-obesity food engineering allows producers to trick the human brain’s and tongue’s sense. This high-tech engineering enables producers to completely remove ingredients, or replace them with healthier ingredients, without the consumer being able to notice. Fona experts also discussed other engineering tricks they have implemented, such as adding weight to foods to create the illusion that there is more food, creating chewier textures in products to allow time for the brain to register satiety, or â€Å"†¦using colors, smells, sounds, and packaging information to create the belief that foods are fatty and sweet even when they are not† (531). It is impressive how much technology has progressed and accomplished in the past few years. It is time to utilize these techniques for the benefit of society. To further support Freedman’s claim that modern food technology will help decrease the obesity rates in America, Nina Tiecholz’s article â€Å"Calories on Menus Won’t Slim Down America,† introduces the Food and Drug Administration regulation that requires restaurants to list calorie counts on their menus. Nina Tiecholz, author of The Big Fat Surprise and executive director of Nutrition Coalition, is a science journalist dedicated to evidence-based nutrition policy. Tiecholz published the results of the U.S Department of Health and Human Services experiment, displaying that consumers â€Å"†¦purchased food with 38 fewer calories, on average† (A.17). This proves that nutrition information is irrelevant to an uneducated consumer. If you cannot interpret the information presented to you, it is useless information. She also offers scientific evidence to inform her readers that in order to lose one pound of fat, one must â€Å"†¦create a calori c deficit of 3,600 calories†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (A.17). This supports the argument that slowly decreasing a few hundred calories from consumers diets, without them knowing, is what will lead to long-term weight loss. A deduction of a few hundred calories a day will slowly add up to 3,600 calories, 7,200 calories, and so-on, which will eventually lead pounds of weight-loss. Tiecholz and Freedman argue that the obese population will not make these choices on their own, which is why food processing will need to do the work for them. Although both authors’ theories of strategies to reduce the obesity trends in America are plausible, supported by evidence, and realistic, they are overlooking the main issue causing the epidemic in the first place. If Americans’ can be educated about their health and diets, then maybe consumers will be able to begin making healthier choices on their own. Consumers will actually be able to make educated inferences about the foods they are putting in to their bodies, and be able to utilize the calorie counts on menus. Educated consumers will not have to be tricked into eating fewer calories a day. Educated consumers will be able to make a difference for American society and future generations. Nutrition education will provide consumers with a shield of knowledge against marketing ploys, allow them to rise above their circumstances, and open the door to create a better life for themselves and their families. However, nutrition education is expensive. The government and schools will spend a fortune on nutrition education, creating new policies, and research. Even if the funding and platforms are available, there is no promise that educating children about their diets will change their minds about grabbing dessert that evening after dinner. It would also be much more difficult to find a platform to educate adults, who are no longer in school. These are all very important concerns to address when considering implementing this strategy. If anyone can agree that their health, their generation’s livelihood and the future generation’s well-being is worth the time, money, and effort to make a change, then they will agree that educating the public about what goes in t heir bodies is a necessity. As validated by Freedman, â€Å"[a]cademia could do a much better job of producing and highlighting solid research†¦ to narrow the gap between the poor obese and well-resourced healthy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (536). Barbara Mantel, award winning author of multiple health publications, provides further explanation of the issue of obesity in America through research, statistics, and debates in her publication of â€Å"Preventing Obesity†. Mantel exhibits a study titled, â€Å"Best-Educated Americans Have Lowest Obesity,† which graphs the correlation of household income, educational level, and percentage of obese adults in America. The graph shows that as educational levels and household incomes increase, the percentage of obese adults in America decreases (801). This is representative of the fact that educated consumers are able to make healthier choices for themselves and therefore, are able to prevent obesity. Obesity is a matter of personal re sponsibility, and it is unfair for those who are not able to make good choices due to their deprivation of nutritional education. Although Freedman offers valid, achievable theories and supporting arguments in his essay â€Å"How Junk Food Can End Obesity,† he overlooks the fact that nutritional education is, above all, the most impactful solution to ending the obesity epidemic. Freedman highlights the argument that the wholesome-food revolution is impeding on the progress food processing technology is making towards solving the obesity epidemic. Freedman claims that, in many cases, foods advertised as â€Å"healthy† can be just as obesogenic, or worse, than junk food products. He introduces many modern food processing techniques and fights to prove that utilizing this technology will lead to the most plausible, long-term solution for obesity in America. However, if consumers are educated about their dietary needs, they will be able to make healthier choices for themselves and their families, regardless of the array of food options available to them. Consumers will be able to make choices for the mselves. They will not be tricked into thinking they are eating healthier by deceptive marketing ploys and they will not have to be tricked into eating fewer calories per item by food processing. Nutrition education needs to be included in curriculum in all schools and implemented in multi-media marketing in America. Knowledge is power, and every person deserves the power to make choices to create the life they desire. Everyone deserves the power to choose a healthy lifestyle and guard their body from illnesses and diseases. Everyone deserves the power to choose to live longer, healthier, and happier. Works Cited Freedman, David. H. â€Å"How Junk Food Can End Obesity.† They Say/ I Say with Readings, edited by Graff, Gerald, et all., 3rd ed., W.W. Norton, 2017, pp. 506-37. Mantel, Barbara. â€Å"Preventing Obesity.† CQ Researcher, vol. 20, no. 34, 1 Oct. 2010, pp. 787-820. CQ Press, library.cqpress.com.proxy189.nclive.org/cqresearcher/getpdf. Php?id=cqresrre2010100100. Tiecholz, Nina. â€Å"Calories on Menus Won’t Slim Down America.† Los Angeles Times, 20 May 2018, p. A17. SIRS Issues Researcher, sks.sirs.com.proxy189.nclive.org/web app/article?artno=0000405791type=ART. Beck, Leslie. â€Å"Are ‘Natural’ Foods Really Better for You?†. Globe and Mail, 04 Jan. 2018, p. A16. SIRS Issue Researcher, sks.sirs.com.proxy189.nclive.org/webapp/ar ticle?artno=0000402546type=ART.

Critique Essay Cosmetic Surgery and Individual Identity

Summary: Elizabeth Haiken, The Making of the Modern Face: Cosmetic Surgery, Social Research, Spring 2000. The American culture that produced cosmetic surgery is the increasingly visual, psychologically influenced culture of the twentieth century United States. For those surgeons who perform cosmetic surgery, the relationship between the physical face and the construction of individual identity has always been and continues to be central. In our modern twentieth century United States, our attitudes toward cosmetic surgery have been based on a series of assumptions: that inside every person who looks different is an American struggling to get out; that inside every homely girl a confident girl is trying to emerge... These surgeons,†¦show more content†¦First she refers to Richard Stark wrote an article titled The History of Plastic Surgery in Wartime. Stark discusses issues concerning the history of cosmetic surgery. Secondly, Haiken uses Warren Susman as a reference. Susman wrote an a rticle called Personality and the Making of Twentieth Century Culture. This referred to the American society and the overall views of what type of appearance is acceptable. A third expert Haiken refers to is David Thomasma who wrote The Goals of Medicine and Society. This article discussed the surgeons point of view on the procedure of many surgery options as well as common motives behind the patients they perform the procedures on. Haikens article appeals to our value system because she discusses the sad reality of the harsh judgmental modern society we live in. In the introduction she acknowledges the surgeons sympathy to his patient, but he will not openly confess his confusion to her in person, she he confides in his nurse. She also addresses the assumptions that rest on a complex web of beliefs about what is good, desirable, and aesthetically pleasing concerning standards of beauty. 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Form fits function: how modernist organizational theory challenges the relationship between individuals, groups and the organization through bureaucracy and hierarchy The virtuous bureaucracy Modernist themes in organizational design Modernist bureaucracy as a key challenge to organiz ation design Contingency theory and organization design OrganizationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. 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